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The introductory lecture held in the winter of 1809 discusses the road leading from a vague premonition of the truth to clear scientific knowledge. As is the case with all theories of science developed during the later years of a philosopher’s life, the ›Wissenschaftslehre 1810‹ (Epistemology 1810) is guided by the following basic idea: Knowledge is, in accordance with its fundamental character, an image of the absolute. It is in self-penetration that this knowledge rises from lower principles to continuously higher forms of reflection (“schemata”) of its regularity, whereby the individual versions up to 1814 all began with continuously higher standpoints. In the introductory lecture held in October of 1810, Fichte deals with the question of how it is possible to convey empirical, historical and psychic knowledge. The purpose of the ›Thatsachen des Bewusstseyns‹ (Facts of Consciousness) (1810/1811) is to lead from everyday consciousness to the scientific level, as did the Platner lectures held during his time in Jena. Based on the observation of factual-hypothetical fields of knowledge they rise to their principles, not yet however in their complete systematic context.
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The introduction to this volume provides general information concerning the editorial principles of this Complete Edition. It also contains a list of all of Fichte's publications. It includes the text of the ›Versuch einer Critik aller Offenbarung‹ (1792, 2nd ed., 1793), which may be considered the first and most complete presentation of a Critical Philosophy of Religion, as well as the anonymously published polemical writings, ›Zurückforderung der Denkfreihet‹ and ›Beiträg zur Berichtigung der Urtheile des Publikums über die französische Revolution‹ in which Fichte presented himself as a spokesperson for the principles of the French Revolution.
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In diesem Band findet man ausser dem 2. Teil der ›Grundlage des Naturrechts‹ vor allem Fichtes Artikel im ›Philosophischen Journal einer Gesellschaft Teutscher Gelehrten‹; in denen die polemische Auseinandersetzung um Sinn und bleibende Bedeutung der ›Wissenschaftslehre‹ ihren Anfang nimmt. Fichte setzt sich mit Kant, Schelling, Aenesidemus-Schulze und Forberg auseinander. Die Kenntnis dieser Kontroversen ist zur Beurteilung der Diskussion über die ›Wissenschaftslehre‹ wichtig.
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Die Einleitungsvorlesung vom November/Dezember 1813 führt vom alltäglichen realistischen Standpunkt zur transzendentalen Sichtweise. Das Diarium III (Oktober 1813 bis Januar 1814) nimmt die Arbeit der beiden vorangegangenen Diarien auf, eine befriedigende Darstellung für das Verhältnis bzw. Ineinander von göttlichem Leben und bildendem Ich zu finden. Die Wissenschaftslehre aus dem Jahre 1814 geht vom Sichverstehen der Wissenschaftslehre aus und leitet aus diesem höchsten Schema alle anderen Standpunkte ab. - Ein Nachtragsteil bringt die seit Beginn der Edition neu identifizierten Texte und eine Reihe von undatierbaren Fragmenten. - Ein Inhaltsverzeichnis für alle 42 Bände erleichtert das Auffinden einzelner Texte innerhalb des Gesamtwerks. Die Reihe ist mit diesem Band abgeschlossen.
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This volume begins with the letters written by Fichte from Berlin immediately after his departure from Jena and reveal his close relationship to he leading figures of the Romantic school: Schleiermacher, Schelling, and the Schlegel brothers. In the case of the correspondence with Schelling, these letters anticipate the conflict that led to the opposing positions of the System of Identity and the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. The turn of the century was also the period in which Fichte was engaged in various project to establish new journals. In addition, these letters provide a glimpse into Fichte's domestic relations.
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The principle work contained in this, the penultimate volume of Part One, is the ›Anweisung zum seelingen Leben‹; a work in which Fichte takes a daring step and becomes the first important philosopher since Hermann Samuel Reimarus to investigate religion and the thought of the incarnation of the absolute from the standpoint of philosophical principles. In doing this, he arrives at a very different conclusion from that arrived at by, e.g., Franz Volkmar Reinhard or, subsequently, Hegel. He here stakes out a polemical position in opposition to the conceptions of Jesus presented by Schleiermacher, Jacobi, and Schelling. These contemporary references, as well as the manner in which they were reflected in the contemporary reception of Fichte's work, are explicated in detail in the forward to this volume. This volume also includes Fichte's treatise on Machiavelli (1807), as well as a translation of his from Dante.
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The student transcripts of this volume considerably facilitate our understanding of Fichte’s difficult and terse preparatory texts. This not only holds for the revised lectures of the later works on the ›Rechtslehre‹ and ›Sittenlehre‹ of 1812, but also for ›The Facts of Consciousness‹ and the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹ (both from early 1813), the ›Introduction to the Wissenschaftslehre‹ (Fall, 1813) and the 1814 ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. The lecture transcript entitled ›Darstellung des Christenthums‹ documents a portion of the lectures on the ›Staatslehre‹. Because of its various hypothetical approaches to the elements that constitute consciousness, ›The Facts of Consciousness‹ merely serves as an introduction to the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. Whereas it is the task of the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹ itself to supply a complete deduction of the cognitive presuppositions of these elements within a systematic framework. War forced the suspension of these lectures, and in winter 1813/14 Fichte renewed his attempt. Of these there is extant a hitherto unpublished transcript of a comprehensive ›Introduction‹; followed by five lectures from the 1814 ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. The latter was cut short by Fichte’s death.
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Fichte’s general introductory lecture of October 1810, “On the Study of Philosophy;” has been preserved only in a transcription by August Twesten (discovered in 1999). It addresses the question, How is the communication of knowledge (including empirical, historical, and a priori knowledge) possible? This is also the concern of Fichte’s introductory lecture from the winter semester of 1811/12. The latter thematizes even more clearly the difference between the methods of the sciences. Three versions of this lecture are available (by Cauer, Schopenhauer, and an anonymous auditor), and all of three of these are included in this volume. Three different transcripts of the lectures on “The Facts of Consciousness” from the same semester (1811/12) are also available (by Cauer, Schopenhauer, and an anonymous auditor, the “Halle transcript”). Fichte’s own manuscript of these lectures has not survived. This circumstance, combined with the fact that each of these three transcripts has its own distinctive advantages and supplements the other two, justifies the publication of all three. They provide an objective presentation of the totality of knowledge and serve as the didactic presupposition for understanding the complex argumentation of the 1812 Wissenschaftslehre (see Volume II,13). The primary text contained in this volume is the transcript of the 1812 Wissenschaftslehre. Of the seven surviving transcripts of this lecture series, manuscript Yg 21 (from the library of Halle University) is here published in full as the “guiding text;” though it is supplemented by significant variations, as contained in the qualitatively next-best versions (Cauer, Itzig).
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Die ›Wissenschaftslehre von 1812‹ - die letzte, die Fichte vollständig vorgetragen hat - wird der Forschung erstmals in zuverlässiger Form vorgelegt. In ihr deduziert Fichte vom höchsten bestimmten 'Blick' aus, dem des sittlichen Wollens als einem der höheren 'Schemata' der Erscheinung des Absoluten, die weiteren Momente des Wissens. Die ›Rechtslehre‹ von 1812 wird ausschliesslich nach der Handschrift wiedergegeben. Drei nicht exakt zu datierende Texte zeigen Fichtes Reaktion auf die Zeitereignisse (u.a. Napoleons Kontributionsforderungen an den preussischen Staat). Ausserdem stellt der Philosoph grundsätzliche Überlegungen auch auf volkswirtschaftlichem Gebiet an (Bewertung landwirtschaftlicher Güter, Geldwerttheorie).
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The introduction to this volume provides information concerning the principles of this edition of the unpublished writings. This volume includes all of Fichte's pre-Critical youthful writings, his graduation speech, his sermons and theological writings, including a treatise ›Ueber die Absichten des Todes Jesu‹ in which he contrasts his own positions with that of Reimarus. Also included are his diaries on education, his literary-critical efforts, his efforts to explain Kant's Critiques, and his diary of a journey from Saxony to East Prussia, by way of Poland.
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In additional to various minor texts, including some literary ones, this volume mainly consists of works dealing with the three different themes: In the ›Geschlossnen Handelsstaat‹ Fichte constructs a socio-economic model of a human community organized according to the principles of the Wissenschaftslehre; the ›Sonnenklare Bericht‹ is an attempt to make the Wissenschaftslehre popularly accessible, whereas the ›Antwortschreiben an Reinhold‹ is a contribution to a strictly professional debate; finally, in ›Friedrich Nicolai's Leben und sonderbare Meinungen‹; Fichte makes a polemical ›contribution to the literary history of the preceding century and to the pedagogy of the coming one‹.
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Following his appointment to a professorship in philosophy at the University of Erlangen, Fichte had to prepare lectures for the summer semester of 1805, including the ›Institutiones omnis philosophiae‹; which, like the Jena lectures on Logic and Metaphysic, were conceived as an introduction to the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. Particularly interesting is the portion of this text devoted to elaborations of formal and higher (methodological) logic. For more advanced students, Fichte lectured on the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. He wished this version to be understood as the fourth successive version of the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹; counting from the winter of 1804. In this ›Wissenschaftslehre‹ Fichte presented his transcendental theory step by step, in a ongoing dialog with Schelling's ›Philosophie und Religion‹ (1804), as the overcoming of speculative metaphysics.
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Hitherto, only a portion of Fichte's many written responses to Schellingian idealism have been published. The volume includes all of this material up to 1801 and thus offers a complete documentation of this exchange. It also includes additional unpublished or only partially published texts concerning the atheism controversy and concerning Fichte's controversies with Reinhold and Biester, as well as a ›Theorie des Wechsel-Rechts‹. After years of work, the editors were able to reconstruct from a collection of disorganized pages a ›Neue Bearbeitung der Wissenschaftslehre‹; written by Fichte in October 1800.
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The student lecture transcripts (Itzig, Halle, Lisco, among others) of the two 1812 courses on Transcendental Logic furnish a complete primary text that is also supplemented by passages from parallel transcripts. They correspond to the content of Volume II,14 and provide additional material for an understanding of Fichte’s manuscripts, especially for the analysis of empirical cognition and the outline of a Transcendental Logic (›Vom Verhältnis der Logik zur wirklichen Philosophie‹; 1812), and for an understanding of the concept and the intuition up to the deduction of space (›Vom Unterschiede zwischen der Logik und der Philosophie selbst‹; 1812/13). Finally, ›On the Study of Philosophy in General‹ (1812) explicates the conditions for understanding the Wissenschaftslehre and Fichte’s procedure in the two versions of the ›Transcendental Logic‹.
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This volume contains the text to which Fichte refers in his lectures on Logic and Metaphysic, supplemented by an index.
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Fichte lived in Berlin during the years covered by this volume, with the exception of a brief period when he taught in Erlangen (1805). During these years he was primarily concerned with developing and presenting the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. – This volume also includes the final portion of Fichte's exchange with Schelling.. During this period Fichte also kept in contact with Jacobi, Mehmel, Niethammer, Schiller, and von Wolzogen. The correspondence with Cotta includes many new letters not included in the Schulz edition of Fichte's Correspondence.
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Since the appearance of Volume IV,2, six new lecture transcripts have been discovered, a fact that justifies a chronological break in series IV. Accordingly, this volume includes a transcript by Kasper Lavater of Fichte's first five lectures Concerning the Concept of the Wissenschaftslehre, which were delivered in Lavater's living room in the spring of 1794. Fichte's first lectures on Natural Law [Naturrecht] are documented in a fragmentary transcript from the literary remains of Fichte's student Johann Smidt, who later became a politician in Bremen. Also included in this volume is a rough and unrevised transcript of Fichte's Platner lectures on Logic and Metaphysics from 1796/97, from the papers of Friedrich August Eschen (1776–1800) discovered in Eutin, as well as a fragmentary transcript, from the same source, of the 1796/97 ›Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo‹. The literary remains of the Swedish philosopher Benjamin Karl Henrik Höijer (1767–1812) contains a Swedish transcript of Fichte's Platner lectures from August and September 1798. This transcript is here published for the first time in its entirety, along with a German translation of the same. The primary text included in this volume, however, is the transcript of the 1798/99 ›Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo‹; by Karl Friedrich Krauses (1780–1829); which was discovered in Dresden in 1980. This is a text that dramatically improves our understanding of the second phase of Fichte's pedagogic activity in Jena.
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The introduction to this, the first volume of Part Three, explains the editorial principles of the correspondence volumes. Included is the entire correspondence of Marie Johanne Fichte, née Rahn and niece of Klopstock, from the day of her marriage to Fichte until his death. This volume is primarily devoted to Fichte's school years and his years as a private tutor. It also includes his correspondence with his fiancé Johanne Rahn and his first letters to Kant. Roughly a third of these letters and drafts of letters are here published for the first time, and many others are published in full for the first time.
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The volume contains all of the unpublished material from Fichte's lectures on Logic and Metaphysics (1794 until 1802, plus an excursus from 1812). In these lectures Fichte commented upon Platner's ›Aphorismen‹; the most widely read philosophical compendium of the age. After the departure of Fichte, Hegel also lectured in Jena on Logic and Metaphysics. Since Fichte comments on practically every one of the 1000 paragraphs of the First Part of Platner's ›Aphorismen‹; Platner's text (which can also be ordered separately) provides an indispensable tool for understanding the idealistic position at the turn of 18th into the 19th century.
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The focus of the texts in this volume is upon Fichte's development of the ›Wissenschaftslehre‹. The central document included in this volume is the version of the Wissenschaftslehre from 1800/01 (which differs from the heavily edited version published by I. H. Fichte). Also included is the ›Privatissimum‹ of 1803, which has been reconstructed from various manuscripts and archival documents and which is thematically connected to the Wissenschaftslehre and points to the version of 1804. Also worthy of attention, alongside poems directed against Reinhold, Nicolai, and Biester, as well as other minor literary efforts, is the manuscript ›Staatswirtschaft‹; which shows Fichte to be a sharp (even sharper than in the ›Handelstaat‹) critic of the relationships of property, production, and money that prevailed during his own age.
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