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The comprehensive lexical analysis of the ›Kritik der praktischen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Practical Reason) documents clearly the stage of development of the terminology of critical philosophy around 1788, after publication of the ›Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten‹ (Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals) but before publication of the ›Kritik der Urteilskraft‹ (Critique of Judgment) and the ›Metaphysik der Sitten‹ (Metaphysics of Morals). It is the proximity of time and subject in relation to the second edition of the ›Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Pure Reason) which are of particular interest. The index helps to show clearly the neologisms and the shifts in Kant's terminology during the development of the main critical works. At the same time however the index makes all the terms and words accessible, which although they may not belong to Kant‹s new terminology do nevertheless have a special significance in his practical philosophy.These are words such as for example »happy«, »practical«, »should«, »need«.
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Since their transition from theology to modern science in the 17th century, basic terms such as identity, person, subject, ego have been associated with considerable difficulties. This work documents the complications using the identity theory approaches of the pre-Kantian era as an example, which although failing theoretically in their monologic-monadic orientation were however able to affirm that the concept of identity was indispensable in practical terms. In addition it proves that there was already a concept of empirical psychology in the works of Leibniz and that interpretations of the key term apperception will not be able to avoid this in the future. The study concludes with an introduction to Tetens, who can justifiably be seen as the one who did the groundwork for and also was a contributor to the Copernican Revolution.
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EAN: 9783772815935
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The study of Kant has long been a global undertaking. The articles in this Festschrift for the leading German expert on Kant, Norbert Hinske, show how richly productive this has been for scholars. Leading Italian, Japanese, Russian and German representatives of research on Kant have provided contributions to it. What is particular significant for the history of Kant's life and development, which has to be completely rewritten in this regard, is a newly discovered letter, reprinted in facsimile for the first time, from J. E. Biester to J. N. Tetens, which proves that Prussian Minister of Culture v. Zedlitz initially did not appoint Kant but rather Tetens to the position in Halle. Hinske's complete bibliography is included in the volume and is impressive evidence of how much Kant research worldwide owes to him.
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EAN: 9783772826023
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This study opposes the view held by Paulsen, Adickes, Riehl, Kemp- Smith, Strawson etc. that Kant adopted his division into two parts in the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹ without thinking and for purely systematic reasons from the logic of his time. The analysis of transcripts of Kant‹s lectures on logic and his reflections shows that Kant developed the two major parts of his main work, transcendental doctrine of the elements and transcendental doctrine of method (Chapter 2) and transcendental analytic and dialectic (Chapter 3), in his lectures in an analysis of traditional logic which he did over a period of many decades.
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This collection of essays deals mainly with two key aspects in Mendelssohn‹s thinking: metaphysics and politics. Five of the seven essays on metaphysical questions revolve around Mendelssohn‹s view of the world and mankind. By relating his views to those of Spinoza, Leibniz, Jacobi and Lessing, it is possible at the same time to establish his position within the German Enlightenment. Two further studies on metaphysics focus on the problem of God's existence and divine providence. The five essays on Mendelssohn‹s political theories break new ground. Mendelssohn‹s opinions on incendiary themes of the Enlightenment such as natural law and the state of nature, the church‹s authority to exert power, freedom of conscience and tolerance are discussed and compared with Kant's opinions. The volume contains an appendix which brings together the metaphysical and the political and in doing so explains the real meaning of what Mendelssohn meant by »consolatory Enlightenment«.
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The problem of the difference between reality (or truth) and a dream and its development from Descartes to Kant became an issue in the doctrine of transcendental truth, the central part of Wolff‹s ontology and cosmology. This work presents Wolff's theory of truth and dreams from three points of view. It begins with the confrontation with scholasticism and with Cartesianism as well, then with regard to the development of a new meaning of the term transcendental; and in conclusion refers to the theory of thesomnium objective sumptum, the dream in a metaphysical sense. In addition, the impact of Wolff's didactic work is studied with regard to the Wolff school as well as the critical examinations of Wolff (Crusius, Lambert, Kant).
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This work combines issues pertaining to the history of concepts, historical sources, context analysis and composition analysis in order to try to solve the problems posed by the antinomy of freedom in the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹. The study makes it clear how much the wording of Kant's antinomy of freedom depends on the discussions held during the time between Wolff and Tetens. Kant's famous dissertation of 1770 is thus also seen in a new light. Kant's antinomy of freedom is shown to be the answer to the questions posed by his direct predecessors.
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EAN: 9783772817083
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In this volume of the Kant Index, a transcript of Kant's lectures on logic which can be attributed to the critical period of the development of Kant‹s thinking has been edited lexically. Since Kant drafted his ›Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Pure Reason) using logic as a guideline to a large extent and developed his transcendental logic in order to distinguish it from general logic, it is precisely this lecture transcript which provides important insight into the origins, problems and terminology of Kant's main work.
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Zusammen mit seinem ›Neuen Organon‹ zählt Lamberts ›Anlage zur Architectonic‹ zu den einflussreichsten philosophischen Werken des 18. Jahrhunderts. Es führt insbsondere in seinem zweiten und dritten Teil die Probleme der Wolffschen Ontologie – für die schon Wolff und Baumgarten die Bezeichnung ›Architektonik‹ verwandt hatten – weiter und stellt sie zugleich in einen umfassenderen Zusammenhang. Vor allem Kant ist dadurch nicht unerheblich beeinflusst worden. Die vorliegenden mit den Methoden der EDV erstellten Indices möchten dazu beitragen, die Philosophie Lamberts besser zu erschliessen und ihren Einfluss einer exakten Überprüfung zugänglich zu machen. Sie enthalten zunächst jeweils in einem Hauptindex das gesamte Sprachgut und verzeichnen für jedes Wort sämtliche Stellen mit Seiten- und Zeilenangabe. Angesichts der wenigen verlässlichen Nachschlagewerke für das 18. Jahrhundert sind diese Indices nicht nur für den Philosophen, sondern auch für den Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaftler von Belang: Sie dokumentieren die Sprache jener Zeit auf unbestechliche Weise und bieten Datenauskunft für Fragen der historischen Sprachanalyse. Daneben enthalten die Bände mehrere Sonderindices, die speziellen Forschungsinteressen dienen sollen. Dazu gehören neben einem Personenindex insbesondere ein Index des lateinischen Sprachguts, der bei dem Mangel an einschlägigen Lexika für das Latein des 18. Jahrhunderts eine wichtige Ergänzung anbietet.
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It is still a widely used cliché to simply characterize Kant's a priori as innate or to put it on a level with the traditional doctrine of innate ideas. But the all too simple consideration that representations, which are the precondition for experience, must have existed before any experience and thus be innate, does not do justice to Kant's ideas about the origin of a priori representations. Kant himself was a decided opponent of the doctrine of innate ideas, and in many places in his works he explicitly said again and again that the forms of intuition, space and time, as well as the pure concepts, are acquired, however not from experience, but rather from the very nature of cognitive faculty. This investigation aims at a complete presentation of this theory of an »original acquisition« of knowledge, which has so far been inexcusably neglected by research. It will be shown that the theory, never fully elaborated and only presented in hints and fragments by Kant, regarding development as well as systematic stands in the centre of critical philosophy. It was the theory of the origin of certain representations in the cognitive faculty itself, formulated already in the dissertation of 1770 and thus in the context of an entirely different idea of metaphysics that confronted Kant with the question of how such concepts can refer to objects at all. With respect to the development of Kant's way of thinking the theory of original acquisition of a priori concepts is the basis of the so-called problem of deduction, and is the key to Kant's epistemological change of 1772. According to Kant's theory of acquisition the a priori concepts arise from the logical rules of thought, from which they develop when these rules are applied to objects of the senses. He said this as early as 1770. As the logical rules are all well-known, they provide Kant with the »Leitfaden«, the clue, that enables him to define the a priori concepts completely, Kant derives the categories from the forms of judgments and the ideas from the forms of syllogism in the Critique of Pure Reason, on the basis of his theory of acquisition. He derives the transcendental faculty of pure concepts from the logical faculty of judgment and inferring, respectively, because the logical faculty is the origin of the transcendental one. In a systematic respect Kant's acquisition theory of knowledge is thus a key to the central question for the relationship of formal and transcendental logic and the reason of the basic structure of the Critique of Pure Reason.
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Kant's body of works on logic has two sides. On the one hand it reflects the philosophy of the Enlightenment. Anyone wanting to gain vivid insights into the intellectual world of the German Enlightenment cannot ignore Kant‹s works on logic. On the other hand these works, which include his reflections on his legacy, transcripts of his lectures and the Jäsche-Handbuch, cover a period of more than 40 years and are of great interest for his developmental history. They are at the same time the nucleus of critical philosophy and provide fundamental insight into the origins of the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹;thus contributing more than any commentary to the understanding of the work.
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EAN: 9783772819278
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The theological discourse in Kant‹s works is integrated as an absolute justification into an overall philosophical concept and thus does not act independently of this. Based on this theory, the logic of the movement of thought in the theological discourse is rendered comprehensible through the movement of thought of the overall philosophical discourse. Thus it is shown that the transition from an affirmation of the existence of God, as it is phrased paradigmatically in the so-called ontotheological argument, to the point of an affirmation of God as a merely subjective concept of reason should be dated later than is generally assumed in recent research. It is also shown that the theological assertion remains in its function as a justification for authority. This results in an important suggestion for a new interpretation of the chapter on theology in the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹. It is confirmed that developmental history can make a substantial contribution to a deeper understanding of the substantive problems in the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹.
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EAN: 9783772816024
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Along with his ›Neuen Organon‹; Lambert‘s ›Anlage zur Architectonic‹ (Architectonics) was one of the most influential philosophical works of the 18th century. The second and third part of this work in particular continue to deal with the problems of Wolff’s ontology – which Wolff and Baumgarten had already called ›architectonics‹ – while at the same putting them in a larger context. Kant in particular was influenced considerably by this. The objective of these indices, which were compiled using EDP methods, is to contribute to a better understanding of Lambert’s philosophy and to make and to enable a precise examination of its influence. To begin with, they contain the entire linguistic heritage, each part of which is in a main index, and list all the places each word is mentioned with the number of the page and the line. In view of the fact that there are not many reliable reference works for the 18th century, these indices are of interest not only to philosophers but also to literary scholars and philologists, since they document the language of that era unerringly and provide information on dates which can help with questions of historical language analysis. In addition, the volumes also contain several special indices which will serve special research interests. These include an index of persons as well as an index of the linguistic heritage in Latin, which is an important addition in view of the lack of lexica which are relevant to the Latin of the 18th century.
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Although S. v. Pufendorf, Chr. Thomasius (1655–1728); and Chr. Wolff (1679–1754) represent the most important German legal scholars of early and high German Enlightenment respectively, they have been widely ignored by the history of political thought. Based on the results especially of philosophical, juridical and Germanic research, the study exposes in systematic reconstruction the political theories generated by the doctrines of natural law of both authors Thomasius receives his overdue rehabilitation as a political thinker with a preliberal orientation. Wolff‹s ontologically founded absolutist welfare state undergoes a reinterpretation, based on thorough sourcereading, which is aimed to dismiss shortening depictions.
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This study has given new impetus to the research on the development of Kantian ethics, which has been moribund for some time. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of lecture transcripts which have now been published and the use of computerized support, the previous picture of the moral philosopher Kant who supposedly stopped much too early has to be drastically revised. Using the customarily ignored classification of imperatives as a guideline, the study shows step by step how twisted the long path was to the concept of ethics in the ‹Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten‹ (Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals). In differentiating between skillfulness, prudence and morality as the three basic kinds of practice, Kant succeeds in the end in expressing the exciting complexity of human activity in an ingeniously simple and a simply ingenious manner.
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EAN: 9783772819711
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Since its condemnation, above all by German idealism, popular philosophy, which had been one of the most influential movements of the 18th century, had a negative connotation. The discussion about a philosophy which tried to get closer to people‹s lives did however see itself as a part of the widespread debate on self-understanding of Enlightenment as a whole. It was mainly the study of Kant's critical philosophy which forced people to rethink the demands, limitations and possibilties of popular philosophy. Thus popularity became the agenda and the problem of philosophy, then as now. This volume traces the history of popular philosophy: its previous history, the discussion in the 18th century and its reverberations in the 19th and early 20th centuries up to the present time.
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EAN: 9783772821691
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Meiers big ›Vernunftlehre‹ (Doctrine of Reason) is not a random source used by Kant in addition to numerous others. In fact it appears that Kant used Meier‹s big work as a compendium for his lectures to begin with and then switched over to Meier's ›Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre‹ (Excerpts from the Doctrine of Reason) after a few semesters. When he switched, he wrote down numerous excerpts from the big ›Doctrine of Reason‹ in his personal interleaved copy of this compendium, as Erich Adickes demonstrated. In her study of ›Kants Logikvorlesungen als neuen Schlüssel zur Architektonik der Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (FMDA I,9) (Kant's Lectures on Logic as a New Key to the Architectonics of the Critique of Pure Reason), Elfriede Conrad listed these meticulously. Thus this volume is an important supplement to the index volumes previously published concerning his works on logic. It shows precisely how Meier's big ›Doctrine of Reason‹ left a lasting mark on Kant's thinking.
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EAN: 9783772823374
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Kant's philosophy may have received an earlier and more intensive reception in Russia than it did in any other country. This began during Kant's lifetime. This is consistent with the fact that today Russian research on Kant can look back on a history of more than 120 years of Kant research, a history which never really came to a stop and which is second to no other country. As a rule, German readers of Kant are however unaware of this for various reasons. This volume is the first representative presentation of Russian Kant research in Germany. It combines twelve articles by leading Russian Kant researchers from three generations. They deal not only with Kant's main critical works but also with his shorter writings. All in all, they paint a multifaceted picture of Kant's philosophy from a new and often surprising perspective.
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EAN: 9783772824487
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Kant's writings in the 1760s document his increasing alienation from the philosophy of his time, which had been shaped mainly by Wolffianism. At the same time, Kant undertook important steps towards a development of his own critical philosophy. The lexical reappraisal of three consecutive writings, each of which has its own main index, concordance and the customary separate indexes, makes this procedure transparent for Kant‹s metaphysics and ethics through detailed findings of word count statistics. Taken together, the two index volumes 38 and 39 enable us to make verified statements about these pre-critical writings concerning the dates on which the reflections in the literary remains were written, a subject of some controversy, and also enable us to determine more precisely Herder's own part in the transcripts he made of Kant's lectures.
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EAN: 9783772821790
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The philosophy of Alexander Gottlieb Baumgartens (1714–1762) as well as its significance for the history of philosophy and of ideas has not been studied in depth up to now. This applies in particular to his ›Metaphysica‹; first published in 1739, which was in fact his most successful work but is difficult to read today due to the stiff, ungainly Latin in which it was written. Its outstanding role is demonstrated among other things by the fact that during his four decades of teaching Kant based his lectures on metaphysics, and later those on anthropology, almost consistently on this work and developed his own transcendental philosophy by examining this work continuously. The volume provides the first complete German translation along with a critically revised Latin text. The detailed introduction describes Baumgarten‹s intellectual biography and sheds light on some of the key themes of the work.
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EAN: 9783772822247