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Meiers big ›Vernunftlehre‹ (Doctrine of Reason) is not a random source used by Kant in addition to numerous others. In fact it appears that Kant used Meier‹s big work as a compendium for his lectures to begin with and then switched over to Meier's ›Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre‹ (Excerpts from the Doctrine of Reason) after a few semesters. When he switched, he wrote down numerous excerpts from the big ›Doctrine of Reason‹ in his personal interleaved copy of this compendium, as Erich Adickes demonstrated. In her study of ›Kants Logikvorlesungen als neuen Schlüssel zur Architektonik der Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (FMDA I,9) (Kant's Lectures on Logic as a New Key to the Architectonics of the Critique of Pure Reason), Elfriede Conrad listed these meticulously. Thus this volume is an important supplement to the index volumes previously published concerning his works on logic. It shows precisely how Meier's big ›Doctrine of Reason‹ left a lasting mark on Kant's thinking.
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Along with his ›Neuen Organon‹; Lambert‘s ›Anlage zur Architectonic‹ (Architectonics) was one of the most influential philosophical works of the 18th century. The second and third part of this work in particular continue to deal with the problems of Wolff’s ontology – which Wolff and Baumgarten had already called ›architectonics‹ – while at the same putting them in a larger context. Kant in particular was influenced considerably by this. The objective of these indices, which were compiled using EDP methods, is to contribute to a better understanding of Lambert’s philosophy and to make and to enable a precise examination of its influence. To begin with, they contain the entire linguistic heritage, each part of which is in a main index, and list all the places each word is mentioned with the number of the page and the line. In view of the fact that there are not many reliable reference works for the 18th century, these indices are of interest not only to philosophers but also to literary scholars and philologists, since they document the language of that era unerringly and provide information on dates which can help with questions of historical language analysis. In addition, the volumes also contain several special indices which will serve special research interests. These include an index of persons as well as an index of the linguistic heritage in Latin, which is an important addition in view of the lack of lexica which are relevant to the Latin of the 18th century.
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This study opposes the view held by Paulsen, Adickes, Riehl, Kemp- Smith, Strawson etc. that Kant adopted his division into two parts in the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹ without thinking and for purely systematic reasons from the logic of his time. The analysis of transcripts of Kant‹s lectures on logic and his reflections shows that Kant developed the two major parts of his main work, transcendental doctrine of the elements and transcendental doctrine of method (Chapter 2) and transcendental analytic and dialectic (Chapter 3), in his lectures in an analysis of traditional logic which he did over a period of many decades.
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In this volume of the Kant Index, a transcript of Kant's lectures on logic which can be attributed to the critical period of the development of Kant‹s thinking has been edited lexically. Since Kant drafted his ›Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Pure Reason) using logic as a guideline to a large extent and developed his transcendental logic in order to distinguish it from general logic, it is precisely this lecture transcript which provides important insight into the origins, problems and terminology of Kant's main work.
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This work acknowledges the groundbreaking achievement of C. G. Schütz (1747–1832) for the reception of critical philosophy during his time in Jena (1779–1803) where he worked as a reader, co-editor of the ›Allgemeinen Literatur-Zeitung‹ and wrote reviews on Kant's fundamental works. He had already been a full professor of philosophy at the University of Halle and as part of a circle of young scholars, such as for example Ludwig Martin Träger, had become familiar with Kant‹s pre-critical work. The publication of Kant's ›Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Pure Reason) prompted Schütz not only to study the complete critical works of the philosopher from 1782 on but also to begin with specific activities to promote Kantian criticism starting in 1784/ 85. These activities included the acquisition of Kant as a reviewer, reviewing Kant's work in the ›Allgemeinen Literatur-Zeitung‹ and writing a study manual on the basis of Kant's intentions. In doing so, Schütz ushered in the national acceptance of Kant‹s philosophy and promoted the rise of the University of Jena at the end of the 18th century. Without him, the history of philosophy would possibly have taken a completely different course.
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The philosophical method in the 17th and early 18th centuries was governed by the example of the mathematical method. This work shows that there were however varying types of methods concerned. The result was that when subjected to philosophical analysis, in their works Descartes, Leibniz and Wolff developed very different approaches to their methods. These constitute the historical background for the analytical agenda and the concept of Enlightenment which has often been overlooked by researchers up to now.
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In this volume of the Kant Index, a transcript of Kant's lectures on logic which can be attributed to the critical period of the development of Kant‹s thinking has been edited lexically. Since Kant drafted his ›Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Pure Reason) using logic as a guideline to a large extent and developed his transcendental logic in order to distinguish it from general logic, it is precisely this lecture transcript which provides important insight into the origins, problems and terminology of Kant's main work.
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EAN: 9783772815140
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The theological discourse in Kant‹s works is integrated as an absolute justification into an overall philosophical concept and thus does not act independently of this. Based on this theory, the logic of the movement of thought in the theological discourse is rendered comprehensible through the movement of thought of the overall philosophical discourse. Thus it is shown that the transition from an affirmation of the existence of God, as it is phrased paradigmatically in the so-called ontotheological argument, to the point of an affirmation of God as a merely subjective concept of reason should be dated later than is generally assumed in recent research. It is also shown that the theological assertion remains in its function as a justification for authority. This results in an important suggestion for a new interpretation of the chapter on theology in the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹. It is confirmed that developmental history can make a substantial contribution to a deeper understanding of the substantive problems in the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹.
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Since its condemnation, above all by German idealism, popular philosophy, which had been one of the most influential movements of the 18th century, had a negative connotation. The discussion about a philosophy which tried to get closer to people‹s lives did however see itself as a part of the widespread debate on self-understanding of Enlightenment as a whole. It was mainly the study of Kant's critical philosophy which forced people to rethink the demands, limitations and possibilties of popular philosophy. Thus popularity became the agenda and the problem of philosophy, then as now. This volume traces the history of popular philosophy: its previous history, the discussion in the 18th century and its reverberations in the 19th and early 20th centuries up to the present time.
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In the 18th century there was a surprisingly large amount of interest in the thinker, author and human being David Hume (1711–1776); and this interest reflected the entire range of requirements and goals of the German Enlightenment. To begin with, the focus was on Hume‹s theories of the philosophy of religion, theories which were rejected without exception and often only polemically repudiated. Just when there was a chance of having an objective assessment of Hume‹s work, Kant revolutionized philosophy, and Hume was seen merely as the factor which triggered Kant‹s metaphysics. The controversial question of when and in which of his works Hume interrupted Kant's dogmatic slumber is brought to a head, and thus at the same time a new theory pertaining to Kant's philosophical development is presented.
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Since their transition from theology to modern science in the 17th century, basic terms such as identity, person, subject, ego have been associated with considerable difficulties. This work documents the complications using the identity theory approaches of the pre-Kantian era as an example, which although failing theoretically in their monologic-monadic orientation were however able to affirm that the concept of identity was indispensable in practical terms. In addition it proves that there was already a concept of empirical psychology in the works of Leibniz and that interpretations of the key term apperception will not be able to avoid this in the future. The study concludes with an introduction to Tetens, who can justifiably be seen as the one who did the groundwork for and also was a contributor to the Copernican Revolution.
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Kant's writings in the 1760s document his increasing alienation from the philosophy of his time, which had been shaped mainly by Wolffianism. At the same time, Kant undertook important steps towards a development of his own critical philosophy. The lexical reappraisal of three consecutive writings, each of which has its own main index, concordance and the customary separate indexes, makes this procedure transparent for Kant‹s metaphysics and ethics through detailed findings of word count statistics. Taken together, the two index volumes 38 and 39 enable us to make verified statements about these pre-critical writings concerning the dates on which the reflections in the literary remains were written, a subject of some controversy, and also enable us to determine more precisely Herder's own part in the transcripts he made of Kant's lectures.
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Unfortunately the manuscript of the ‹Wiener Logik‹ (Vienna Logic) was not discovered until all the plans for the Academy edition of Kant‹s collected works had almost been completed. The index volume attempts to show the significance of these little known lecture notes. Here as well, a lemmatized main index provides the entire language used in the lectures, a concordance facilitates the determination of places in the notes related to a certain subject, especially for those terms which are used often. About 20 pages of annotations establish the references to the ‹Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹; (Critique of Pure Reason), the reflections in the literary remains as well as the other transcripts and supplement the bibliographies of the Academy edition. In addition, the volume also corrects errors in this edition which alter the meaning in numerous places.
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›Subreption and Dialectic in Kant‹ has two goals. In the first place, it traces the history of the concept of subreption up to the philosophy of Kant. Secondly, it investigates the relation between Kant‹s thesis that there is a dialectic of reason and the doctrine of subreption. – In Roman law, someone commits a subreption when he attains an advantage through the concealment of important facts. In philosophy the concept of subreption is deployed from the time of Jungius and Leibniz (using the Latin term »vitium subreptionis« or »error of subreption« in order to criticize methodical errors in philosophical argumentation. In the first half of the eighteenth century, Christian Wolff applies the concept to errors in the empirical verification of statements. The peak of the development of the concept is Kant‹s Dissertation of 1770, in which the chapter on the method of metaphysics centers on how to avoid the »vitium subreptionis metaphysicum«. In the Transcendental Dialectic of the ›Critique of Pure Reason‹; Kant overlays the critique of subreption with a theory of dialectical reason. Yet reason does not appear to be the source of this dialectic. We are therefore left with subreption – a failure of judgment – as the only way of explaining the errors considered in the Transcendental Dialectic. – This work provides the first investigation of the concept of subreption. At the same time it demonstrates the great importance of the concept for the elaboration of Kant‹s philosophy.
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The comprehensive lexical analysis of the ›Kritik der praktischen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Practical Reason) documents clearly the stage of development of the terminology of critical philosophy around 1788, after publication of the ›Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten‹ (Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals) but before publication of the ›Kritik der Urteilskraft‹ (Critique of Judgment) and the ›Metaphysik der Sitten‹ (Metaphysics of Morals). It is the proximity of time and subject in relation to the second edition of the ›Kritik der reinen Vernunft‹ (Critique of Pure Reason) which are of particular interest. The index helps to show clearly the neologisms and the shifts in Kant's terminology during the development of the main critical works. At the same time however the index makes all the terms and words accessible, which although they may not belong to Kant‹s new terminology do nevertheless have a special significance in his practical philosophy.These are words such as for example »happy«, »practical«, »should«, »need«.
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Although S. v. Pufendorf, Chr. Thomasius (1655–1728); and Chr. Wolff (1679–1754) represent the most important German legal scholars of early and high German Enlightenment respectively, they have been widely ignored by the history of political thought. Based on the results especially of philosophical, juridical and Germanic research, the study exposes in systematic reconstruction the political theories generated by the doctrines of natural law of both authors Thomasius receives his overdue rehabilitation as a political thinker with a preliberal orientation. Wolff‹s ontologically founded absolutist welfare state undergoes a reinterpretation, based on thorough sourcereading, which is aimed to dismiss shortening depictions.
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It is still a widely used cliché to simply characterize Kant's a priori as innate or to put it on a level with the traditional doctrine of innate ideas. But the all too simple consideration that representations, which are the precondition for experience, must have existed before any experience and thus be innate, does not do justice to Kant's ideas about the origin of a priori representations. Kant himself was a decided opponent of the doctrine of innate ideas, and in many places in his works he explicitly said again and again that the forms of intuition, space and time, as well as the pure concepts, are acquired, however not from experience, but rather from the very nature of cognitive faculty. This investigation aims at a complete presentation of this theory of an »original acquisition« of knowledge, which has so far been inexcusably neglected by research. It will be shown that the theory, never fully elaborated and only presented in hints and fragments by Kant, regarding development as well as systematic stands in the centre of critical philosophy. It was the theory of the origin of certain representations in the cognitive faculty itself, formulated already in the dissertation of 1770 and thus in the context of an entirely different idea of metaphysics that confronted Kant with the question of how such concepts can refer to objects at all. With respect to the development of Kant's way of thinking the theory of original acquisition of a priori concepts is the basis of the so-called problem of deduction, and is the key to Kant's epistemological change of 1772. According to Kant's theory of acquisition the a priori concepts arise from the logical rules of thought, from which they develop when these rules are applied to objects of the senses. He said this as early as 1770. As the logical rules are all well-known, they provide Kant with the »Leitfaden«, the clue, that enables him to define the a priori concepts completely, Kant derives the categories from the forms of judgments and the ideas from the forms of syllogism in the Critique of Pure Reason, on the basis of his theory of acquisition. He derives the transcendental faculty of pure concepts from the logical faculty of judgment and inferring, respectively, because the logical faculty is the origin of the transcendental one. In a systematic respect Kant's acquisition theory of knowledge is thus a key to the central question for the relationship of formal and transcendental logic and the reason of the basic structure of the Critique of Pure Reason.
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This work attempts to deal with all the aspects under which Meier‹s ‹Vernunftlehre‹ (Doctrine of Reason) and the ‹Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre‹ (Excerpts from the Doctrine of Reason), written in 1752, the same year, can be considered. Kant used the ‹Excerpts‹ for his lectures on logic for 40 years. The first part deals with the environment at the University of Halle as well as the history of the development, sources publication and impact. As a rule, the ‹Vernunftlehre‹ is seen as being completely in the tradition of Wolffianism. However this makes it difficult to explain some of the work‹s features, above all his division into inventio, dispositio, elocutio and exercitatio. This work shows that Meier‹s ‹Vernunftlehre‹ was essentially defined by rhetorical tradition. The second part deals with its integration into Meier‹s complete works as well with the analysis of both texts, which also contain lessons from epistemology, aesthetics, poetics, hermeneutics and anthropology. This work is more than just a specialized study of Meier‹s logic, since it also presents Meier‹s work as a whole.
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The book provides a systematic account of the basic conflict of values in dealing with experiments on human beings and establishes various models to solve this conflict. In doing so, it focuses on the problem of research, in particular on persons who are not able to give their consent. Various ethical arguments pertaining to this are discussed in order to establish whether or not studies seem to be ethically justified if there is no therapeutic benefit. In the second part of the work, using these philosophical implications as a basis and France as an example, the question is to what extent certain normative convictions and arguments depend on the social, historical and cultural context in which they are discussed.
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INHALT: a. Besprechungen von J. P. Romangs ›Über Willensfreiheit und Determinismus‹; 1835 - b. Anmerkungen zur [geplanten] 2. Auflage [des Lehrbuchs] der ›Religionswissenschaft‹ - c. Materialien - d. Zur ›Athanasia‹ - e. Zur Lebensbeschreibung - f. Herbarts System - g. Ein Vorschlag zur Vermeidung vieler Missverständnisse in der Philosophie - h. Selbstanzeige der ›Wissenschaftslehre‹; 1837 - i. Skizze einer Anzeige der Logik für die Freimüthigen Blätter - j. Uiber Hrn. Dr. und Prof. J. S. v. Drey Apologetik, 1838 - k. Besprechung von J. A. Brünings ›Das Daseyn Gottes‹; 1838 - l. Einwürfe, die gegen Bolzano's Lehren bisher zum Vorschein gekommen, 1838 - m. Auseinandersetzung mit Notizen in ›Allgemeiner Religions- und Kirchenfreund und Kirchencorrespondent‹; 1839-1840 - n. Besprechung von M. Drobischs ›Neue Darstellung der Logik‹ - o. Selbstanzeige von ›Prüfung der Philosophie des seligen Georg Hermes‹; 1840 - p. Zur Biographie Stoppani's, 1848.
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